Evaluation of interpretations of challenges and biases in women's leadership: an exploratory factor analysis
Abstract
The presence of women in leadership positions remains limited, despite efforts to attract and promote female talent across sectors. However, progress is often blurred or less visible due to the wide gender gap in workplace environments. The objective of this study is to analyze perceptions regarding the challenges and biases of female leadership in order to identify the obstacles faced by women leaders and thereby make the phenomenon more visible. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire administered to 392 participants. An exploratory factor analysis identified two factors, and a generalized linear model was applied. The findings reveal that women face significant challenges in being taken seriously, promoted, and offered leadership opportunities, in addition to experiencing greater scrutiny when they have children. Regarding biases, female leaders are perceived as less authoritative and charismatic, and less capable of leading in crisis situations. Likewise, women expressed a preference for having female supervisors rather than male ones. In conclusion, it is essential to implement policies that reduce these barriers and promote gender equity in leadership. Moreover, fostering an inclusive organizational culture that values leadership competencies regardless of gender is essential. Finally, mentorship and support programs should be offered to women to strengthen their confidence and skills in leadership roles.
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